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RESOURCES Additional links and reading
Communities links
NPS websites
Explore, learn, participate...
Our pages give lots of links for you to visit including park sites, resources,
online exhibits, and more! Be sure to look on the volunteer opportunities,
events in your state, and amateur
certification pages for information on how to get involved.
Archeology and spiritual heritage
The
Mormon Churches: The Church and U.S. Archeology
The Book of Mormon describes three migrations from the Middle East to America.
Although no evidence in America has illuminated the Book, Mormons support
further archeological work to substantiate their beliefs and pursue this
important part of their heritage.
Mormon Pioneer National Historic
Trail
The Mormon Pioneer Historic Trail follows the path of Bringham Young and
70,000 followers as they journeyed approximately 1,300 miles through Illinois
and Utah to escape religious persecution.
Recreating
the Brick Chapel at St. Mary’s City
Settlers built St. Mary’s City on the Eastern Shore of Maryland after
oppression forced Catholics from England to the New World. Archeological
data aided in the recreation of a chapel and the interpretation of oppressed
worshippers seeking religious freedom.
Asian American communities
Manzanar National Historic
Site
Manzanar NHS recognizes the significance to American history of the most
notorious relocation camps for Japanese Americans during the second World
War. This site includes a historic resources study completed in the planning
process of the new park.
Market
Street Chinatown Archaeological Project
The Market Street Chinatown Archaeological Project is a research and education
program developed to catalog, analyze, and curate a collection of Asian
artifacts so that they can once again be used for research and educational
programs.
Asian
American Comparative Collection
The AACC aims to obtain or document every possible object of Asian manufacture
that might be found in an archeological context in the United States or
elsewhere in order to aid research into Asian-American history.
Native American communities
Navajo National Monument
Navajo National Monument preserves three of the most-intact cliff dwellings
of the Anasazi (Hisatsinom).
Ancient
Architects of the Mississippi
This web site interprets the remains of moundbuilders’ culture, evidence
of trade and transportation, and the mythology surrounding the native past.
Anasazi
Heritage Center Museum
This site invites visitors to learn about the regional heritage of the Anasazi
through museum exhibits devoted to the role of archeology in interpreting
the prehistory and history of the southwest.
African American communities
Understanding
Slavery: The Lives of 18th Century African-Americans
As this web site says, “the history of South Carolina is inexorably
intertwined with slavery.” The site discusses the history of the slave
trade, the relationship between enslaved and enslaver, and the architectural
and other remains that illuminate this significant element of the state’s
and our national heritage.
Ransom
Place Archaeology: African-American Race, Culture and Consumption in the
Circle City, (http://www.iupui.edu/~anthpm/ransom701.html)
Although the title for this Indiana University-Purdue University field school
project specifies African-American culture, the website discusses the archeological
view of ethnicity in terms of several different American groups whose presence
was suggested in the course of field work. Be sure to visit the main page
for more information.
African
Burial Ground, Manhattan, New York
In June 1991 human remains were discovered during archaeological testing
of a site intended for office buildings and by October full-scale excavation
for the construction of the Foley Square Federal Office Tower Building had
begun. To some in the African American community, archeological research
of the burial ground brings to light the atrocities committed and hardships
endured in the institution of slavery.
Multi-ethnic communities
Big
Dig Archaeology
The Big Dig Project in Boston involves not only a huge infrastructure program,
but an archeological investigation into the history of the city. Many people
were surprised to learn about the presence of Native Americans and Irish
Americans in the survey area.
Kentucky
Heritage Council
The archaeology presented on the Kentucky Heritage Council describes investigations
into Native American and African American groups.
Communities reading
California Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation
1988 Five
Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California.
Burton, Jeffrey
1996 Three Farewells to Manzanar: The Archaeology of Manzanar National Historic
Site, California (in 3 volumes). Publications in Anthropology 67, Western
Archeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, U.S. Department
of the Interior, Tucson, AZ.
Cockrell, Ron
1999 Amidst Ancient Monuments:
The Administrative History of Mound City Group National Monument/Hopewell
Culture National Historical Park, Ohio.
Kuwanwisiwma, Leigh (Jenkins)
2002 Hopi Understanding of the Past: A Collaborative Approach. In Public
Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara J. Little, pp. 46-51. University
Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Praetzellis, Adrian
2002 Neat Stuff and Good Stories: Interpreting Historical Archaeology in
Two Local Communities. In Public Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara
J. Little, pp. 51-59. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Ragins, Mary Grzeskowiak
2002 Archaeology in Santa Fe: A Public-Private Balancing Act. In Public
Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara J. Little, pp. 202-207. University
Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Shull, Carol D.
2002 Irreplaceable Heritage: Archaeology and the National Register of Historic
Places. In Public Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara J. Little,
pp. 195-201. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Slick, Katherine
2002 Archaeology and the Tourism Train. In Public Benefits of Archaeology,
edited by Barbara J. Little, pp. 219-227. University Press of Florida, Gainesville,
FL.
Welch, John R.
1997 Working
Together: Origins of the White Mountain Apache Heritage Program, Society
for American Archaeology Bulletin 15(5).
1998 Working Together: White Mountain Apache Heritage Program Operation and Challenges, Society for American Archaeology Bulletin 16(1)
Ecologist links
Dendrochronology,
NPS WebRangers
Archaeologists and other scientists who study past events are always looking
for new ways to answer the question "How old is it?" Try virtual
dendrochronology yourself with this interactive activity.
North
American Drought: A Paleo Perspective
This site talks about how tree rings, lake and dune sediments, archaeological
remains, historical documents, and other environmental indicators can extend
our understanding of past climates.
Isotopic
research at UC Davis – Using mussel shells gathered archeologically
to investigate ecological change
A research team at UC Davis studied prehistoric hunter-gatherers along the
northern California coast, and their work uncovered the role past climatic
events played in harvesting California sea mussels.
Harvard
Forest, Harvard University
Harvard University has its own forest for investigating historical change
in ecosystems. The research staff includes several archeologists, and work
takes place across New England. Research results help scientists create
effective management tools for sustainability.
National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Introduction to Paleoclimatology
NOAA work in paleoecology provides comparative data for its analysis of
modern weather systems and their effects. This site introduces paleoclimatology
and talks about what can be done with it.
What
We Do, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
This site briefly describes the work of STRI and contains indexes of publications
relating to its work in archeology and ecology. Be sure to look at the Educational
Links for up-to-date news on research and results.
Ecologists reading
National Park Service
1995 Investigating
Ecosystems. Common Ground 8(1).
Briggs, John M. et al.
2006 Why
Ecology Needs Archaeologists and Archaeology Needs Ecologists. Frontiers
in Ecology and the Environment 4(4).
Cannon, Kenneth P.
2001 What the Past Can Provide: Contribution of Prehistoric Bison Studies
to Modern Bison Management. Great Plains Research 11: 145-174.
Carlson, Catherine C.
1996 The
(In)Significance of Atlantic Salmon. Common Ground 8(3/4).
Jackson, Jeremy B.C. et al,
2001 Historical
Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems. Science Magazine
293.
Lyman, R. Lee and Kenneth P. Cannon
2004 Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology. University of Utah Press,
Salt Lake City.
Rick, Torben C. and Jon M. Erlandson
2003 Archeology, Ancient Human Impacts on the Environment, and Cultural
Resource Management on Channel Islands National Park, California. CRM:
The Journal of Heritage Stewardship 1(1).
Stahle, David W.
n.d. Climatology: Lessons from the Past and the Reality of Global Warming.
PBS TeacherSource.
Educators links
Federal archeology links
For Teachers
Take a look at this page for recommendations on how to start using archeology
as part of the learning process.
Archeology
for Interpreters: A Guide to the Resource
Designed originally for NPS interpreters, our online training course also
serves as a resource for anyone who wants to learn more about what archeology
is and what archeologists do.
Project
Archaeology, Bureau of Land Management
Project Archaeology aims to use the vast historic and archaeological resources
under the custody of the Bureau of Land Management to teach young Americans
to value and protect our rich cultural heritage.
Lesson plans
The Internet is a great place to find lesson plans with archeological components. Use your favorite Internet browser to find examples of lesson plans as inspiration to create your own! Just do a keyword search for “lesson plan,” “archeology or archaeology” and your state.
Teaching with Historic Places,
National Register of Historic Places
This site includes archeology-themed lesson plans, as well as a guide to
creating your own plans. Current lesson plans are:
Frederica:
An 18th-Century Planned Community (31)
Gran
Quivira: A Blending of Cultures in a Pueblo Indian Village (66)
Johnson
Lake Mine: Mining for Tungsten in Nevada’s Snake Range (110)
Knife
River: Early Village Life on the Plains (1)
Mammoth
Cave: Its Explorers, Miners, Archeologists, and Visitors (35)
Saugus
Iron Works: Life and Work at an Early American Industrial Site (30)
M.A.T.R.I.X.
(Making Archaeology Teaching Relevant in the XXI Century), (http://www.indiana.edu/%7Earch/saa/matrix/)
The M.A.T.R.I.X. site offers college teachers help in designing educational
programs with archeology.
Archaeology Merit Badge, Boy Scouts of America
< http://www.meritbadge.com/mb/132.htm >
This web site provides a course of action for Boy Scouts to acquire and
demonstrate their knowledge of archeology. Teachers can adapt the activities
listed on this site and the Merit Badge worksheet for their own classroom
needs.
Educators reading
Standards and Guidelines
National Center for History in the Schools
1996 National
Standards for History.
National Council for the Social Studies
1994 Expectations for Excellence: Curriculum Standards for Social Studies,
National
Council for the Social Studies. Silver Spring, MD.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
2002 Principles
and Standards for School Mathematics. National Council of Teachers of
Mathematics, Reston, VA.
National Council for Geographic Education
n.d. The
Eighteen National Geography Standards.
Books and articles
Jones, Kevin T. and Julie E. Maurer Longstreth
2002 Pursuing the ZiNj Strategy Like There’s No Tomorrow. In Public
Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara J. Little, pp. 187-193. University
Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Metcalf, Fay
2002 Myths, Lies, and Videotapes: Information as Antidote to Social Studies
Classrooms and Pop Culture. In Public Benefits of Archaeology, edited by
Barbara J. Little, pp. 167-175. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Moe, Jeanne M.
2002 Project Archaeology: Putting the Intrigue of the Past in Public Education.
In Public Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara J. Little, pp. 176-186.
University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
NPS Training Manager for Interpretation, Education, and Cooperating Associations
(editor)
2000 Module 270:
Developing and Presenting a Curriculum-Based Education Program. National
Park Service.
Seelye, Ned H., editor
1996 Experiential Activities for Intercultural Learning. Intercultural Press,
Yarmouth, ME.
Schreiber, Susan P.
2000 Interpreting
Archeology at National Trust Sites: A case study in addressing difficult
topics. CRM 23(5).
Smardz, Karolyn and Shelley J. Smith, editors
2000 The Archaeology Education Handbook: Sharing the Past with Kids. AltaMira
Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
Further reading
Cha-Jua, Sundiata
2000 America’s First Black Town: Brooklyn, Illinois, 1830-1915. University
of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
Shackel, Paul A., Terrance J. Martin, Joy D. Beasley, and Tom Gwaltney
2004 Rediscovering New Philadelphia: Race and Racism on the Illinois Frontier.
Illinois Antiquity 39(1):3-7.
Walker, Juliet E.K.
1983 Free Frank: A Black Pioneer on the Antebellum Frontier. University
of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
Forensic links
Archeology at the
Battle of Little Bighorn
What really happened at the Battle of Little Bighorn? No white soldiers
survived to tell their side. The perspective of the Native Americans who
fought and delivered a stunning defeat to the troops led by General George
A. Custer was discounted by the white world. After a fire destroyed the
grasses on the battlefield in 1983, visitors noted metal artifacts and bones
on the surface of the ground. Forensic archeologists mapped the bones and
bullets to learn more.
NPS Archeology
and the Vietnam War
This site provides two case studies, one discussed as a case study in this
feature, about the role of NPS forensic archeologists in solving MIA cases
in Vietnam.
African
Burial Ground, Manhattan, New York
In June 1991 human remains were discovered during archaeological testing
of a site intended for office buildings and by October full-scale excavation
for the construction of the Foley Square Federal Office Tower Building had
begun. To some in the African American community, archeological research
of the burial ground brings to light the atrocities committed and hardships
endured in the institution of slavery.
Dead
Man’s Tales, Public Broadcasting Teacher Source
This site has pages devoted to forensic work at Jamestown, an interactive
skeleton excavation, and profiles of “bone reader” forensic
archeologists.
Forensic Anthropology
< http://www.forensicanthro.com/ >
This site identifies what forensic anthropologists do and discusses how
to prepare for entering the profession.
Forensics Reading
Forensic Archeology: A Humanistic Science. CRM 19(10).
Benedict, Jeff
2003 No Bone Unturned - The Adventures of a Top Smithsonian Forensic Scientists
and the Legal Battle for America's Oldest Skeletons. HarperCollins Publishers,
Inc.
Crist, Thomas A.
2002 Empowerment, Ecology, and Evidence: The Relevance of Mortuary Archaeology
to the Public. In Public Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara J. Little,
pp. 101-119. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Owsley, Douglas W.
2001 Why the Forensic Anthropologist Needs the Archaeologist, Archaeologists
as Forensic Investigators: Defining the Role. Historical Archeology 35(1):35-38.
Salazar, Virginia, Alexa Roberts, and Allen Bohnert
2001 Cultural
Sensitivity and Tribal Authority. In Research Projects and Museum Collection
Management, CRM 7.
Smiley, Brenda
1999 Sand
Creek Massacre. Archaeology 52(6).
Sonderman, Robert C.
2001 Looking for a Needle in a Haystack: Developing Closer Relationships
with Law Enforcement, Archaeologists as Forensic Investigators: Defining
the Role. Historical Archaeology 35(1):70-78.
Stover, Eric and Molly Ryan
2001 Breaking Bread with the Dead, Archaeologists as Forensic Investigators:
Defining the Role. Historical Archaeology 35(1):7-25.
Historians links
African Americans
African
Reflections on the American Landscape
Chapter
1 discusses how archeological research has contributed to the examination
of slave history through bringing to light material culture associated with
sites of enslaved African Americans.
The Robinson House
A Portrait of African American Heritage
This National Park Service Archeology Program web feature discusses the
role of archeology in learning about the Robinson House, which was inhabited
by free African Americans during the Civil War. James Robinson, a black
man born free, turned the property into one of the wealthiest farms in the
Manassas area with the help of his family. Through excavation archeologists
learned about how the choices the Robinsons made as consumers may have also
expressed their cultural identity.
War
Civil War Archeology,
Southeast Archeology Center, National Park Service
Archeological research on Civil War battlefield sites contributes to our
understanding of the battles. Case studies at Fort Pulaski and Andersonville
in Georgia and Monroe’s Crossroads in North Carolina show how comparison
of the historical record to the archeological remains of historic events
can result in new interpretations of the past.
Archeology at the
Battle of Little Bighorn
What really happened at the Battle of Little Bighorn? No white settlers
survived to tell their side andfor years historians discounted the perspective
of the Native Americans who fought and delivered a stunning defeat to the
troops led by General George A. Custer. An archeological re-interpretation
considers what took place.
More National Park Service sites
The Mystery of the
Lost Plantation: Archeology at the Charles Pinckney National Historical
Site
In 1991 the NPS established the Charles Pinckney National Historical Site
and also discovered that the house traditionally thought to belong to his
plantation wasn’t built until after his time. So whose house is it?
Take a look.
Revealing the
Story of Virginius Island
Virginius Island at Harpers Ferry National Historical Park represents a
significant part of the industrial and social history of the town. The historical
and archeological investigations of Virginius Island reveal a poorly documented
but rich culture previously believed lost to periodic floods.
Historians reading
Cockerell, Ron
1999 Amidst Ancient Monuments:
The Administrative History of Mound City Group National Monument/Hopewell
Culture National Historical Park, Ohio
Geier, Clarence R. and Stephen R. Potter, editors
2003 Archeological Perspectives on the American Civil War. University Press
of Florida, Gainesville.
Deetz, James
1996 In Small Things Forgotten An Archaeology of Early American Life. Doubleday,
New York, NY.
Ferguson, Leland
1992 Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650-1800.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Levy, Phillip
2003 Always
a Handmaiden – Never a Bride. Archaeology, February.
Rathje, William L.
2002 Garbology: The Archaeology of Fresh Garbage. In Public Benefits of
Archaeology, edited by Barbara J. Little, pp. 85-100. University Press of
Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Shackel, Paul A.
2002 Broadening the Interpretations of the Past at Harpers Ferry National
Historical Park. In Public Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara J.
Little, pp. 157-166. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Whittenburg, James P.
2002 On the Power of Historical Archaeology to Change Historians’
Minds about the Past. In Public Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara
J. Little, pp. 74-84. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Museums links
National Park Service
Managing
Archeological Collections, National Park Service
This online technical assistance and distance learning effort covers all
aspects of caring for archeological collections.
Museum Management Program, National
Park Service
The Museum Management Program site highlights the collections of several
parks in online exhibits, such as Chaco
Culture National Park.
Native Americans
History
and Archaeology of the Illinois Indians
Europeans’ and Americans’ accounts of the Illinois (Illiniwek)
Indian nation leave many questions unanswered. Archaeological excavations
of Illinois villages have provided fresh perspectives.
At
Home on the Heartland, Illinois State Museum
This interactive site enables you to choose how to settle on the heartland.
Archeological evidence in conjunction with historical material develops
a story about the centuries of settlement in Illinois.
Mashantucket
Pequot Research and Museum Center
The Mashantucket Pequot Research and Museum Center in Connecticut uses its
collections to research and present the past of Native Americans. This site
has online exhibits about the natural and cultural worlds.
African Americans
Sukeek’s
Cabin, Jefferson Patterson Park Museum
Explore this site to learn about an African American site in Calvert County,
Maryland from the perspectives of history, archeology, oral history, and
family tradition.
Anacostia
Museum, Smithsonian Institution
The Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture
in Washington, D.C. recently renovated its facility to focus on the collection,
storage, and study of material culture. An on-line academy is part of the
museum's recommitment to identify, study, preserve, and collect African
American historical materials.
Museums reading
Fowler, Don D., Nancy J. Parezo, and May Elizabeth Ruwell
1996 Wealth
Concealed: The Importance of Preserving the Archeological Record Archeology.
Common Ground 1(2).
Nelson, Margaret C. and Brenda Shears
1996 From
the Field to the Files: Curation and the Future of Academic Archeology.
Common Ground 1(2).
Sullivan, Lynne and S. Terry Childs
2003 Curating Archaeological Collections: From the Field to the Repository.
AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
Thomas, David Hurst
2002 Roadside Ruins: Does America Still Need Archaeology Museums? In Public
Benefits of Archaeology, edited by Barbara J. Little, pp. 130-145. University
Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
